atoms and elements essays

atoms and elements essays All matter, both living and nonliving, is composed of basic structures called elements. There are only 92 naturally occurring elements. Elements are what they are because they cannot be broken down to substances with different properties. Elements contain tiny particles called atoms. There is only one type of atom in each type of element. The three most stable parts of an atom are the proton, neutron and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located with the nucleus of an atom. Electrons move around the atom. Most of an atom is empty space. Protons and electrons carry an electrical charge; protons have a positive electrical charge and neutrons have a negative electrical charge. When an atom is electrically neutral, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. The entire atom is held together by the electrical force between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons. The periodic table is a convenient listing of the 92 naturally occurring elements. The elements atomic symbol, weight and number are included on this chart. One or two letters of each element is used to create its atomic symbol. An elements atomic number is the number of protons in each atom of the element. The atomic weight of an element is the weight of each individual atoms protons and neutrons. Atoms are listed according to increasing atomic number on the periodic table of elements. The rows are arranged according to the number of electrons in the outer shell. Electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom at fixed distances, forming electron shells that correspond to different energy levels. The electron shell closest to the atomic nucleus is the smallest and can hold only 2 electrons. The second shell can hold up to eight electrons. The electrons in an atom usually fill the shell closest to the nucleus first and then begin to go into the next one. ...

The Most Dangerous Game essays

The Most Dangerous Game essays The dramatic situation of The Most Dangerous Game is not extremely complex, but it is a very good story that has been recreated many times since its publish date. The setting is set mainly on a large island in the Caribbean Sea, and the conflicts tell a classic story of good versus evil between the two main characters, Rainsford and Zaroff. Irony and foreshadowing make the story a little more mysterious. The Most Dangerous Game has always been one of my favorite short stories. For these reasons, I have decided to write my analysis on Richard Connells The Most Dangerous Game. The story begins on a yacht in the Caribbean Sea. The protagonist, Sanger Rainsford, is talking to one of his good friends, Whitney, about the trip that they are taking to hunt along the Amazon River. Rainsford, at some point during the night, falls off of the yacht, and must swim to a nearby shore. He arrives at a small island called Ship-Trap Island. Rainsford hears gunshots in the distance and follows them to a great mansion. Here Rainsford finds General Zaroff, the antagonist. Zaroff welcomes Rainsford with open arms and treats him to a great feast. During the meal, Zaroff and Rainsford discuss hunting different types of game. The general suggest that he and Rainsford hunt in the morning. When Rainsford realizes that Zaroff hunts humans, whom are much harder to hunt because they can reason, he refuses. Because of this refusal, Zaroff decides to hunt Rainsford. Rainsford must then run and hide from the general in the woods. During the next three days, Rainsford and Za roff have three separate encounters. Each of these encounters ends with Zaroff walking away giving Rainsford another chance. The final encounter turns the tide on Zaroff as Rainsford sneaks into Zaroffs bedroom and kills him. The setting of this story is on an island in the Caribbean Sea. Within the island are a few areas that the storys action ...

Organizational structure and design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational structure and design - Essay Example Organizational structure refers to the division of labor and the methods of coordination, communication, work flow, and power-sharing that exist in an organization. It is the formal arrangement of jobs within an organization. An organizational structure reflects the organization's culture and power relationships. Organizational design is the process of creating and modifying organizational structures. Organizational structures are frequently used as tools for change. Structures establish new communication patterns and align employee behavior with the corporate vision. The two fundamental processes or ingredients in organizational structure:Coordination: When groups divide work among themselves, it is required to co-ordinate their efforts towards the same objectives. Coordination is achieved through various mechanisms like informal communication, formal hierarchy and standardization.Span of control refers to the number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently managed by a s upervisor. The span of control has an inverse relationship to the number of layers of hierarchy. The presence of informal communication and standardization can widen the span of control by reducing the need for direct supervision. A wider span of control is ideal when employees perform similar tasks or when the work teams are self-directed and possess specialized knowledge. It helps in reducing overhead costs and puts the top management in direct contact with the needs of the customers. Larger organizations that depend on hierarchy for coordination develop taller structures. 2) CentralizationCentralization is the concentration of decision-making activities around a particular location, generally the top management. In a small organization, the founder takes most of the decisions himself but as the organization grows, organizations tend to become decentralized and decision-making authority is spread throughout the organization. 3) Formalization Formalization is the degree to which jobs within an organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behaviour is guided by rules and procedures. A low degree of formalization means that there are fewer restrictions on how employees do their work. Formalization exists in old companies and large organizations, and is encouraged by external influences like government safety regulations and strict accounting practices. Formalization increases efficiency but may reduce organizational flexibility in case of a non-routine situation which requires customized action. Mechanistic and organic structures McDonald's has a mechanistic structure, which means that it has a rigid and tightly controlled structure, and is characterized by a narrow span of control and high degree of formalization and centralization, and hence all tasks are well defined and can only be altered with the permission of the top management. A company with an organic structure is highly flexible and adaptive, which is characterized by a wide span of control, decentralized decision making, little formalization and an open communication network. An organic organization has a fluid team-based structure, in which the tasks vary according to the needs of the situation. Thus, a mechanist structure is only suitable in stable environments with routine tasks. 4) Departmentalization Departmentalization, also called the organizational chart, specifies how employees and their activities are grouped together. Hence, it is the process of grouping activities into departments. Division of labour creates specialists who need coordination. This coordination is facilitated by departmentalization. There are five types of departmentalizati