Electronic Mail Acceptable Use Policy - 1054 Words

On December 16, 2003, Congress enacted the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM) of 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-187, 117 Stat. 2669 (2003) requiring the Federal Trade Commission to issue regulations defining the relevant criteria to facilitate the determination of the primary purpose of an electronic mail message, specifically commercial electronic mail messages. An electronic mail acceptable use policy is a document stipulating constraints and practices that users must agree to and comply with when accessing and using the organization’s network system and electronic mail servers. The electronic mail acceptable use policy is a component of the Individual Use and Operation of Information†¦show more content†¦L. No. 100-235 (H.R. 145), (Jan. 8, 1988) C. Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA), 18 U. S. C.  § 2510 et seq. D. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C.  § 552 et seq. E. Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003(CAN-SPAM), 15 U. S. C.  § 103 et seq. The CAN-SPAM Act is a law that sets the rules for commercial email, establishes requirements for commercial messages, gives recipients the right to have entities stop emailing them, and sets forth the penalties for violations. However, the law does not apply just to bulk e-mail. â€Å"It covers all commercial messages, which the law defines as ‘any electronic mail message the primary purpose of which is the commercial advertisement or promotion of a commercial product or service† (Federal Trade Commission, 2009). If an entity is found guilty of violating the CAN-SPAM Act, each separate email in violation is subject to penalties of up to $16,000 and more than one person may be held responsible for violations. The CAN-SPAM Act has certain aggravated violations that may give rise to additional fines. The law provides for criminal penalties—including imprisonment—for:  · Accessing someone else’s computer to send span without permission.  · Using false information to register for multiple email accounts or domain names.  · Relaying or retransmitting multiple spam messages through a computer to mislead others about

Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act

The moment a patient’s information is entered into a healthcare system, they are given patient rights; one of those rights is the right to patient information confidentiality. This right confirms that the patient’s information will only be accessed by care providers, people who are providing reimbursement for care, when information is ordered by the court or if the patient gives written consent for the release of information. The patient is allowed access to view their medical records (Confidentiality, Patients Rights and Responsibilities, 2014). The healthcare team can assist in building a trusting relationship with their patients by ensuring the patients right to privacy. By ensuring a patients right to privacy, this encourages the†¦show more content†¦If HIPAA were inactive, a patient’s health care information could be discussed freely, without any repercussions. With HIPAA, patients can feel at ease when disclosing personal information that can brin g forth judgments, such as, having HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases and other infections or diseases that are viewed negatively by society. Under the HIPAA act, information that identifies a person (name, social security number, birthdate and demographic information), as well as, health information and form of payment is considered confidential (Health Information Privacy, 2003). Failing to abide by HIPAA regulations can result in civil and criminal cases. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 established a tiered civil case structure for violation of HIPAA regulations (HIPAA Violations and Enforcement, 2014). Below are the penalties for HIPAA violations when faced with a civil case: HIPAA Violation Minimum Penalty Maximum Penalty Person was unaware they were breaking HIPAA standards. $100 per violation with annual max of $25,000 for repeated violations. $50,000 per violation with annual max of $1.5 million for repeated violations. Violation was because of a reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. $1,000 per violation with annual max of $100,000 for repeated violations. $50,000 per violation with annual max of $1.5 million for repeated violations Violation was a result of willful neglect. Violation is corrected within the given time period. Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act In August of 1996, Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, known as HIPAA. The primary purpose of HIPAA was to protect an individual from losing their health insurance; If they decided to change jobs or have pre-existing conditions. Another purpose of HIPAA was to reduce the costs and administrative burdens of healthcare by creating electronic formats. HIPAA is also used to develop standards and requirements to protect the privacy and security of protected health information. HIPAA consist of five titles. The main two important titles were title I and II. Title I focuses on the health insurance reform. The second title of HIPAA, applies to the Administrative simplifications; in which, includes the electronic transactions and code sets, unique indemnifiers, privacy and security. However, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), was required to issue two separate Regulations referred to as the Privacy Rule and the Security rule. The administrative simplification Provisions of HIPAA required the DHHS to publish standards for electronic exchange, privacy and security of health information. The main goal of the privacy rule was to protect the use and disclosure of an individuals protected health information . The privacy rule began on April 14, 2003. The Office for Civil Rights was responsible for enforcing the privacy rule and the security rule. OCR enforcement activities have obtained significant results thatShow MoreRelatedThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, most commonly known as HIPAA, was passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996. The purpose of this act was to regulate the privacy of patient health information, lower the cost of health care, as well as to help fix the many pieces of our complicated healthcare system. When switching employers or possibly losing employment, HIPAA secures individuals their health insurance. HIPAA nearly affects all individualsRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act890 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is Protected Health Information (PHI) that: Relates to a person’s physical or mental health, the provision of health care, or the payment for health care. Identifies the person who is the subject of the information. Is created or received by a covered entity Is transmitted or maintained in any form (paper, electronic, or oral) There are five major components to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) PrivacyRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1253 Words   |  6 Pagesgiving information to the healthcare professional and motivates the patient to seek health care when needed (Jessica De Bord, Burke, MD PhD, Dudzinski, PhD MTS, 2013). In 1996, Congress passed an act that enforces the patient’s right to information confidentiality. The act was named, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or for short â€Å"HIPAA†. Not only does HIPAA regulate the protection of patient’s health information, but they work to reduce healthcare fraud and abuse, mandate standardsRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1416 Words   |  6 PagesHistory The history of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPPA, began in 1996 when a legal mandate was issue by Congress to protect the ethical principles and confidentiality of patient information (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2014). Prior to this legislation, employees were not protected between jobs. Waste, fraud and abuse in health insurance and healthcare delivery was prevalent. The need to protect the rights of the patient was needed but also the Act contained passages to promoteRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is divided into five titles. Title I is health insurance portability, title II is administrative simplification, title III is medical savings accounts and health insurance tax related provisions, title IV is enforcement of group health plan provisions, and title V is revenue offsets. HIPAA affects many features of health care, including providing the privacy rights of patients for release of financial and medical informationRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1914 Words   |  8 Pageshave always and will always be behind criminal acts, and new laws are put in place to tackle the every changing technological advancement. Law Review Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) required the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to develop regulations protecting the privacy and security of certain health information. To fulfill this requirement, HHS publishedRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act946 Words   |  4 Pagesour own health information, but how is this beneficial to us as patients and healthcare providers? As healthcare is increasingly becoming complex what are ways to enforce these policies and rules? HIPAA rules and standards will need to be the same in each state so there is interoperability the proper way, but will we be able to really accomplish this? This paper will discuss these aspects and ways to overcome these obstacles that are occurring. What is HIPAA? HIPAA also known as the Health InsuranceRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1609 Words   |  7 PagesIt has always been the job of health care providers to maintain doctor-patient confidentiality. Not only is it a legal obligation it is also an ethical obligation to many doctors, nurses, physician’s assistants and many other medical staff. Until recently medical records were primarily recorded on paper and stored in cabinets and locked in what was believed as a secure room. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act also known as HIPAA, was passed on August 21, 1996. Although the lawRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pages Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Final Research Paper Dominique Bracco Healthcare Today (300) Professor Diana December 7, 2016 â€Æ' Abstract The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is divided into five titles. Title I is health insurance portability, Title II is administrative simplification, Title III is medical savings accounts and health insurance tax related provisions, Title IV is enforcement of group health plan provisions, and title V is revenueRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act768 Words   |  4 Pages/ Mrs. CEO, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule is the driving force in protecting our patient’s information. We take patient privacy serious and will continue to do so. The following is a summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule and the Notice of Privacy Practices (NPP). Organizations/facilities that are regulated by the Privacy rule are called entities. Entities play a major part in protecting patient’s health information. Per the Health and Humans Services

Memorandum On Quantas Airways Financial -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Memorandum On Quantas Airways Financial? Answer: Introducation We wish to draw our angle of understanding to the constitute of the company to be that of the Group company with the parent company Quantas that is entirely expected to be declaring consolidated information of all its sub constitutes that are mostly under the control of it based on percentage controlling interest according to Epstein(2006, Pg.4) . Quantas Company has sub-constitutes operating segments that are some subsidiaries, associates while others are joint ventures. Which is further said to be foreign or local depending on route of operation it takes with Jetstar and Quantas International operating as foreign subsidiaries and Quantas Domestic as the local subsidiary. The composition is the further done depending on the tasks involved from that of flying passengers to that of cargo as well as that of controlling operations, management and full governance not forgetting the task of special programs and loyalty confirmation. Its from this that we are able to declare the groups main business operations to be that of provision of freight services and air transport services both locally and international as well as time to time issuance of loyalty programs. The aforesaid group operations together with the various company investments the likes of data and digital innovation, clients branding, investment in culture and leadership as well as that of energy and emissions are therefore explaining the great sources of revenue of the company according to Choi(2006, Pg.65) Muthupan dian(2010, Pg.8) states that holding company that entirely controls subsidiary that is permitted by law and regulations to come up with financial statements of all the outlets it controls. Its therefore seen to bar subsidiaries that arent independent in nature by virtue of being owned 100% from preparation of its own financial statements as well as reporting. Most companies that are public in nature and those which has allowed individual interest ownership with Qantas Group of the company being one of it is seen to get its finance from issuance of securities the-the likes of shares, debenture, loans and share options and interest. Payment of debts or debt servicing as well as that from debentures has been to raise funds for operations. Interest on debentures and dividends received as well as payment on the capital return as well as proceeds or return on investments from hedges has seen to be financing Qantas operation. According to Deegan(2012, Pg.5), shares based means of finance of Qantas clearly declares that the owners of the company are the shareholders and especially the first four i.e. HSBC custody with 26%, J P Morgan with 18%, National Nominee and the fourth one City Corp, Colonial First. The diversification on sources of revenue from customers payment has seen the business operation successful as well as exhaustion of the prevailing available ways of finance hence ability to curb finance and operational risks. From the point of view shareholders being the owners of the business the ultimate value and concern is seen to be accorded to them priority wise. Management risks being mitigated by the proper decisions made by directors and respective personnel management levels clearly depicts the high level of corporate governance underway at Qantas Group of companies. Group of Companies the likes of Qantas cant be separated from participation in corporate governance especially having in mind at Qantas the interest of the shareholders is ranked first of all the others comes second. Corporate Governance law Farrar (2008, Pg. 11) requires audit of group companies to be done within the financial year and presentation of financial statements according to the stipulated international standards of auditing as well as that of international accounting standards hence therefore allowing Qantas to have an audit committee comprising of three members responsible for checking on independence of the external auditors via imposition of lawful audit set policies. The law requires that all existing company should operate friendly with the environment hence tasking relevant management to ensure there is compliance safety wise and health wise. Qantas being a company in existence is seen to participate in the aforesaid campaign on environment preservation through access to lawful licences and permits. Great portion of sustenance is witnessed as per the members of the board report to having being caused by labour cost, technology as well as limited resources .According to Eling(2007, Pg.70) ability to clear debts as a going concern attribute is a compliance of the regulation. All sorts of debts especially long term ought to be able to meet in due course as stipulated in the accounts of Qantas referenced in Sharpe(2007, Pg.384). Associates and joint ventures in Qantas Group accounts has minimised the level of control hence leading to the NCI control room as described in So(2009, Pg.167 ) Any interest item under NCI should be accounted for in the ratio manner of controlling interest from the expenses to the revenue as well as for its representation in the statements though in the balance sheet should be in the equity section alone. Non-Controlling Interests depicts representation of the lesser in ownership of the business hence reducing the percentage powers of controls of the head office company There is only disclosure of NCI in the year 2015 hence not being able to state whether the minority control influence is direct or not by virtue of non-disclosure.. Qantas Group of company have being involved in acquisition of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures there expected to be goodwill on acquisition being disclosed as per Carlin(2007, Pg. 5) However in the year 2016 there was no disclosure and therefore an assumption that the one for year 2015 of $8 million on the acquisition of the controlled entity to have been impaired and written off as an expense according Carlin(2011,Pg.370) ,hence if impaired in profit and loss while if its at par should form part of asset i.e. intangible asset in the financial position. Although there are proceeds gain on disposal of PPE, there is no disclosure of this gain in the profit before tax statement Ozkan(2012, Pg. 1125) hence probably an indication that the gain had not been ascertained as at the close of the period, however a note on the same should be presented as after balance sheet event to inform the users of post balance sheet events taking place Ruscher( 2013, Pg.120) Foreign subsidiaries Jetstar and Quantas International are involved in foreign transactions rate exchanges as described in the consolidated statements of comprehensive and that of changes in equity. As recommended by the law the accountability of this foreign currency conversion is done as per the equity form method Choi(2011, Pg.4). Qantas foreign subsidiaries transactions is accounted for as per the regulations requirements hence an indication of compliance as stated in Pinto (2005, Pg.100). Events or transactions deemed to take place after the reporting day is supposed to be mention so as to facilitate in decision-making. Management reports and guidelines on the operations as well as that of top management should not be left behind while reporting. Conclusion is therefore made informing that this paraphrase is done to the best of our knowledge as well as according to the accounting law and regulation as well as per the data in the Qantas Airways Ltd 2016 Annual Report. References So, S. and Smith, M., 2009. Value Relevance of IAS 27 (2003) Revision on Presentation of Non?Controlling Interest: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of International Financial Management Accounting, 20(2), pp.166-198. Eling, M., Schmeiser, H. and Schmit, J.T., 2007. The Solvency II process: Overview and critical analysis. Risk management and insurance review, 10(1), pp.69-85. Sharpe, I.G. and Stadnik, A., 2007. Financial distress in Australian general insurers. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 74(2), pp.377-399. Carlin, T.M. and Finch, N., 2011. Goodwill impairment testing under IFRS: a false impossible shore. Pacific Accounting Review, 23(3), pp.368-392. Carlin, T.M., Finch, N. and Ford, G., 2007. Goodwill impairment-an assessment of disclosure quality and compliance levels by large listed Australian firms. Ozkan, N., 2012. Do CEOs gain more in foreign acquisitions than domestic acquisitions?. Journal of Banking Finance, 36(4), pp.1122-1138. Ruscher, E. and Wolff, G.B., 2013. Corporate balance sheet adjustment: stylized facts, causes and consequences. Review of Economics, 64(2), pp.117-138. Choi, F.D. and Meek, G.K., 2011. International accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Pinto, J.A., 2005. How comprehensive is comprehensive income? The value relevance of foreign currency translation adjustments. Journal of International Financial Management Accounting, 16(2), pp.97-122. Council, F.R. and Britain, G., 2006. The Combined Code on Corporate Governance, June 2006. FRC. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Tan, L.T., 2012. Financial accounting and reporting in Malaysia. CCH Asia Pte Limited. Muthupadian, K.S., 2010. IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements-A Closer Look. Choi, S., 2006. Group revenue management: A model for evaluating group profitability. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 47(3), pp.260-271. Epstein, B.J. and Mirza, A.A., 2006. Wiley IFRS 2006: interpretation and application of international financial reporting standards. Wiley. Barker, R., 2004. Reporting financial performance. Accounting horizons, 18(2), pp.157-172. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Farrar, J., 2008. Corporate governance: Theories, principles and practice. Oxford University Press Godfrey, J.M. and Koh, P.S., 2009. Goodwill impairment as a reflection of investment opportunities. Accounting Finance, 49(1), pp.117-140. Evans, L., 2003. The true and fair view and the fair presentationoverride of IAS 1. Accounting and Business Research, 33(4), pp.311-325.

Report on International Development

Executive Summary The country of Syria â€Å"is an Asian country located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan and Palestine to the south, the Mediterranean Sea and Lebanon to the west (Benn 2010 p. 138). Some people like to refer to it as the Euphrates, famous from industrialization and civilization of Mesopotamia.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on International Development – Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Syria is in the headlines currently for all the wrong reasons one may say. These reasons are based on the riots to demonstrate about the politics of the country and the struggle for ‘democracy’. Devlin indicates that, â€Å"The People and Their Culture Syria is a Muslim society, that is to say, six out of seven Syrians identify themselves as Muslims† (1983 p. 25). And the â€Å"Syrians still resent th e loss of so many lands and peoples formerly associated with their country. Syria’s people are mostly Arabs, and the major religion is Islam, although there are other ethnic and religious minorities† (Morrison and Woog, 2008 p. 16). Once a revolution is experienced in a state, there may be many reasons for that to happen. One may be able to emancipate people from political tyranny or poor state of the country. Whichever the reasons are, this paper examines why Syria is classified as a developing country. The World Bank definition of developing countries includes all low income and middle income countries (except economies with a population of less than 30000), including countries in transition (Ross and Harmsen, 2001 p.4). The question then should be, is Syria a developing economy country or is it developed? The paper tries to examine the situation in the country focusing mainly on the status of its economy and why the country is a developing country. Statement of the P roblem In the recent past, Syria has hit the headlines because of its security situation. The security situation became worse because of the uprising popularly known as the Arab uprising which hit countries like Libya, Morocco, Egypt and now Syria which are Arab countries. It is rare for the masses to rise against their governments in protest. Uprising usually comes in when people realise they are being oppressed or have been made political slaves of a given family lineage. The situation in the Arab countries has been associated with long serving heads of state. With the world economy dwindling and food prices escalating, the masses have experienced inflation in their houses. Generally, people are facing extreme conditions and the gap between the rich and the poor is widening which may make people to revolt.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering the situation in Syria , what would be the state of the economy of Syria? Developing, underdeveloped and developed countries are the terms used to explain the economic status of a country. The characteristics which are common to these countries are specified by the definition itself. Poverty, income and accumulated capital backwardness in technique by the standards of North America, Western Europe and Australia. But even with respect of these characteristics, there are big differences between the under developed countries and the rich under developed countries and is close to the poorest advanced country (Perthes, 2004 p.4). The state of the economy of one country as compared to the other determines whether it will trade competitively. The economic growth of a country as well depends mainly on the policies and legislation that encourages business activities while protecting the consumer. The work of the Central Bank to control the flow of money and curbing of money crimes is also very important. With this information, the basis of this study is set and the main point is to analyse and conclude that Syria is a developing country. It will also be important to analyse the actual state of the economy of Syria. In summative phrase, the main theme is to prove that Syria is considered a developing country. Objectives The main objective of this report is to explain why Syria is a developing country. To achieve this objective, it would be subdivided to more discrete objectives that can be quantified as follows: To find out the indicators of underdevelopment To find out the remedies put in place by the government in improving the state of the economy in Syria To find out the problems preventing the moving out of underdevelopment in Syria and why are the remedies are not being effected effectively What is the political will in the improvement of the economic status What are factors contributing mainly to the state of the economy in Syria As this report tries to sum up the objectives above, i t is proper to state that in Syria, â€Å"a state agricultural policy also becomes more essential, now that the obstacles to expansion of the cultivated area have been removed by mechanization and water control it is time to think of better farming† (Taheri 2002 p. 22). Perhaps these statements that may have been made years ago would have made sense now that the economy is far from a developed country’s economy. Ethical Considerations on the Report The work reported in this work is purely based on the available information from academic and credible internet sources. The report is a collection of information trying to analyse the state of the economy of Syrian as indicated by the scholarly and other peoples work. The report is none biased to the best of the ability of the writer. However, some of the information may not be verified but the sources of the information are credible. Extreme care is to taken in giving fair reporting of the information and as accurate as po ssible. It would be awkward to imply religion, racial or even economic discrimination. The careful selection of the sources of information presented in this report gives it the credibility that may be desired.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on International Development – Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other issues relating to copying someone else’s work without person is well taken care of by citation and actual request for information. Otherwise, all information relating to information rights were strictly adhered to. The work is also presented in a way that does not prejudice the Syrian people in any way. The Economic Status as Indicated by World Bank Economy (2010) GDP $59.4 billion Real growth rate (2010) 3.0%. Per capita GDP (2010) $2,893. Natural resources Petroleum, phosphates, iron, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower. Agricu lture Products–wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets, and other fruits and vegetables; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, and other dairy products. Arable land–33%. Industry: Types–petroleum, textiles, pharmaceuticals, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seed extraction, and car assembly. Trade: Exports (2010 est.)–$12.84 billion: crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fibre, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat. Major markets (2007)–Italy 22%, France 11%, Saudi Arabia 10%, Iraq 5%, Egypt 4%, Jordan 4%. Imports (2008 est.)–$17.2 billion f.o.b.: machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, and paper. Major suppliers (2007)–Russia 10%, China 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Ukraine 6%, South Korea 5%, Turkey 4%. In 2010 the European Union (EU) was Syria’s biggest trading partner, accounting for 22.5% of Syrian trade, followed by Iraq (13.3%), Saudi Arabia (9%) and China (6.9%.) Turkey was in fifth place with 6.6% and Russia was ninth with 3%. *according to International Monetary Fund (IMF 2010) statistics The data above shows the average transactions in terms of the economic activities being carried out by the Syrian people in income generation. These factors generally explain the state of the economy. The relationship between exports and economic growth, including the direction of causality between the two variables has been a subject of much debate in the international economics literature over the past two decades (Kaushik, Arbenser and Klein 2008 p. 155). It is vividly clear that the relationship between imports and exports of a particular country mainly determines the state of the economy. Despite this fact, other players may come like the ability of the citizens to afford basic needs like food, cloth ing and shelter. From the above report of World Bank, it is clear that Syria is a developing country. According to Benn (2010, p.8), â€Å"in its extreme form, it is characterized by lack of basic human needs such as adequate and nutritious food, clothing, clean water and health services.† Agba et al (2009, p. 1) believe that poverty is a state where people lack basic human commodities which are inadequate food, clothes and housing. If the poverty level of a country is that one that 20% or more people are living below the poverty line then, even if the country has a balanced importation versus exportation, it is terribly underdeveloped. When we look at the economic indicators in comparison with the population, an assumption that one can make is that the country is a middle economy country. A middle economy country is a country that is developing at a very high rate per year. The Syria crisis could be a deterrence of the growth. The installation of proper development policies that encourage investment both local and international would be a brilliant thing that any government must do. Another thing is that the government must be in a position to work ways of increasing exports in other goods other than petroleum products and tourism so as to encourage foreign income.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The World Bank (2012) classifies countries using some Criteria. According to World Bank (2012), â€Å"Economies are divided according to 2010 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method.† The groups are classified as; low income, $1,005 or less; lower middle income, $1,006 – $3,975; upper middle income, $3,976 – $12,275; and high income, $12,276 or more (â€Å"Data† 2012). From the assumption, Syria is a developing economy. Array of Indicators What would be the indicators of underdevelopment in Syria? A nation that is developing is defined as country whose cumulative average income is much below that of industrialised states. Such economies are characterised by low volumes of exports and traditional agricultural techniques. Food supply in these countries does not meet the demands of the population. â€Å"Developing nations have also been called underdeveloped nations,† (Hirsch, Kett and Trefil 2102 pp. 316). Having this in mind, on e can be able to list the indicators of Syria as a developing country. From the IMF classification, it is evident that Syria is a middle lower income country. According to Syria Agriculture (2012), the following indicators are listed: â€Å" Farming methods are crude: The average farmer’s reliance on out dated and inefficient irrigation methods is a major obstacle to improving agricultural outputs. The introduction of drip, sprinkler, and subsurface irrigation methods is handicapped because of the limited amount of money available to the common farmer. Because of these shortcomings, Syria is susceptible to food shortages during long droughts.† The decline of oil reserves, therefore, casts a shadow of uncertainty on the sustainability of the current Syrian economic program as oil revenues decline, the government could be faced with hard times (Cavendish 2006 pp. 280). This kind of economic activity is serious pegged on the amount of the reserves that are available for export. The economy mainly depends on the oil industry but it is affected by extremist activities and terrorism. Sometimes the country has been put under economic sanctions which are not healthy. According to Sukkar (2006, p.33), â€Å"Al-Utri attributed the moderate performance of the Syrian economy to eight negative factors which will be explored more fully in the subsequent analysis: Weakness in the performance of some economic sectors and low personal income Population growth pressures Dependency of export on declining oil production Small return on investment Low levels of national and foreign investments Low productivity and growing unemployment Low levels of wages and corresponding low levels of incentives Poor technical standards in the production sectors.† The indicators listed above are characteristics of an unstable middle economy of the state of Syria. It is clear that if there is a problem in any economy in its production and labour channels, then one can conc lude that the economy is facing hard times in the economic development of the country. With the facts presented, it is evident that the economy of this country needs a number of remedies in order to forge forward and move away from a low middle income economy to a higher middle income economy as the oil reserves are getting depleted. Therefore, one can conclude that Syria is a developing country (United Nations Development Program, 2012). Remedies of the indicators of Underdevelopment In every situation a country gets into, there are avenues through which it can forge its prosperity ahead. This purely depends on the political will and the workmanship of the people of the country. The policies that will be designed and followed to the later will enable the country to do great things in economic development. Syria put in place such remedies to the obstacles of development in the country and are examined below. At times, the economic policies of a country do not rhyme with the demand o f its local market thereby, going against each other. This in turn makes it difficult for the government to go beyond its boundaries to look for foreign markets (â€Å"AKDN† 2012). The country is using development partners in wealth creation and foreign investments to increase employment opportunities which are not enough for the ever growing population. A high population may be a very good market for locally produced goods but if production is not sufficient, there is extreme pressure on the available products. That will cause an undesirable effect of high prices and occasional lack of commodities for sale. The increase in population should be looked at carefully and be controlled as much as possible with regard to the growth of the economy. For instance, â€Å"the Aga Khan foundation introduced the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture which are proposing investments that will combine tourism development with conservation and re- use of landmark monuments, rehabilitation of historic areas, urban planning, and wide-ranging socio-economic development to boost living conditions in historic areas and create new opportunities for residents† (Aga Khan Development Network 2012). This may help in the improvement of the tourism sector which will increase employment opportunities in Syria. Talking about policies that affect both international and local business in the country is a thing that the government has been trying to do in order to make the country sail ahead. Simmers et al (2008, p.67) stated that, â€Å"as indicated by the U.S. Library of Congress, spot shortages of basic commodities occurred frequently and industry operated far below capacity because of routine power outages. Foreign exchange reserves plummeted, the trade deficit widened, and real gross domestic product (GDP) growth fell as economic difficulties compounded. Although the government instituted limited reforms to respond to the burgeoni ng crisis, Syria’s pressing economic problems required a radically restructured economic policy to improve future economic performance†. It is clear that the policy makers and implementers have not thought of far reaching effects of the policies they make and try to implement. Its trade partners like Iraq have been in a series of crisis activities which have been making trade with its neighbours very difficult. It is recorded that Iraq that was under war had sanctions but since Syria is its neighbour, it was allowed to trade with it (Simmmers et al 2008, p.9). As it engaged in the trade of essential commodities, the country helped Iraq to smuggle oil to other countries which was against the sanctions that were put. This made Syria to be charged at the United Nations Security council and later, Iraq was attached and it lost because the pipeline they purported they were trying was destroyed. These and many more instability issues affected largely its endeavours in economi c policies hence, dragging it to be a developing economy (Aldosari 2002, p.6). Modernisation theory, â€Å"sees economic development as a process by which traditional societies become more complex and differentiated, in order for economic development to take place, modernisation theory proposes that countries have to change their traditional attitudes, values and institutions† (Andersen and Taylor 2007 p. 252). Syria however, did not embrace much change in its development. For instance, it did not open the internet services as fast and the telecommunication facilities were so much controlled by the government. If some of these ways of disseminating information cannot be liberalised so that people can communicate freely and effectively, a country may lag behind. A number of Syrians are Muslim extremists which mean that they had to conserve some values that may not be good for economic development. An example perhaps could be the fact that Muslim women cannot work in a bar woul d really affect the tourism sector in one way or another. Things like satellite TV, Facebook, twitter and other social networks were not allowed in the country. The information system was strictly controlled implying that there was no innovation or even copying from the outer world. However, since the effects of these restrictions were evident, the government allowed people to access social sites. In February 2011, Syria announced on a Wednesday that it would reopen access to social media sites like Facebook and Twitter. For the first time since 2007, Syrians were able to access these sites freely without going through proxy servers abroad (â€Å"France 24†, 2011). As the news spread, the internet activity was evident because people who were under restriction and had devised mechanisms of manoeuvring around found using the facility very easy. Some sites and blogs were never left open to the public. This may have been confused with westernisation which in their view is a bad t hing. The hate of the so called Western Culture would have influenced the thinking. This in itself indicates signs of a developing country. Analysis of the Alternative Perspectives Dependency In any country, the dependency ratio is very critical in its economic status. If the economy’s population is largely containing working youth with less people depending on them, the growth of the economy may be fast. The Age dependency ratio of the old (% of working age population) in Syria was last reported at 6.67% in 2010, and the age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) in Syria was last reported at 69.05 in 2010 according to a World Bank report released in 2011 (Trading Economics 2012). This indicates the population that depends on the working population is very high hence, a slow growth in development. If this won’t change in a few years, then Syria may as well retard back to the low income economy rather than a developing economy that it is right now. Post Colonia lism Chaitani’s goal is to show that the approaches to economic relations between Syria and Lebanon before and after independence did not necessarily follow the lines that one would have expected (2008 p. 268). He first lists three main groups of economic and political voices which are Syrian Arab nationalists, Lebanese Arab nationalists and Lebanese nationalists. These divisions within the Syrian people did not work well for the economy of the country. Some of them were seen to be detrimental to the economy of the country because of the extremist’s activities within the Syrian economy. It is clear that a divided nation with political agitation is not healthy to economic development but scares aware investments. Localism In plain words, localism is the use of political philosophies which prioritize the local, that mainly support local production and consumption of goods, local control of government, and promotion of local history, local culture and local identity. Clea rly, this is something that can affect trade directly in the Syrian Republic. Trade is something that must involve exchange of goods and services. Syria has to be ready to buy goods from countries it sells oil to. Critical Feminist Hooks indicates that, â€Å"feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and exploitation† (2000 p. 1). For sure, the past was so blurred because any economic opportunity was mainly directed to men. This meant that women cannot do certain things in the society just because they are women. This has remained an issue in Syria for quite long because of the traditional and religious beliefs. Country’s that embraced the feminism strategy surely realised changes in lifestyles because the number of dependants on the working was drastically reduced. For Syria, this is still a challenge. Religious Views Other factors that can affect the economy are things that people believe in and which define their way of life. Religion can be defined as the spiritual beliefs and practices of an individual (Simmers et al. 2008 p. 291). Religion obviously affects people’s way of life and their day to day activities. Some religious practices are backward whereas others enable people to practice moderation in all that they do which is a good thing. In Syria however, Islamic extremism has made the economy to have little or no progress at all. Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that Syria is a low middle economy country referred to as a developing country. With its numerous economic issues like unemployment, classify it as an underdeveloped country. Its economy solely depends on oil production, tourism and commerce. Industrialisation is not coming out clearly. Another issue is that it has been in various political crises, its neighbours too have experienced political instabilities which has adversely affected its economy from time to time. Its implication of helping Iraq to smuggle oil outside the sanctions that had been pu t on them was a setback in its economic operations. Reference List Agba, M., et al 2009, Poverty, Food Insecurity and the Rebranding Question in Nigeria, Canadian Social Science, Vol. 5, No. 6,Pp., Canadian Research Development Centre of Sciences and Cultures. Aga Khan Development Network 2012. Web. Aldosari, A. 2002, Middle East, western Asia, and northern Africa, Marshall Cavendish, Singapore. Andersen, M. Taylor, H. 2007, Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society, Belmont, California. Benn, T. 2010, Muslim Women and Sport, Taylor Francis Publishers, New York. Cavendish, M. 2006, World and Its Peoples, Marshall Cavendish, New York, NY. Chaitani, Y. 2007, Post-Colonial Syria and Lebanon: The Decline of Arab Nationalism and the Triumph of the State, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 19, no. 2, Tauris, London. Hirsch, E., Kett, J. Trefil, A. 2002, The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, NY. Hooks, B. 2000, Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionat e Politics, Pluto Press, London. IMF, 2010, Syria, Journal on Syrian Arab Republic, Vol 167, International Monetary Fund Publication Services, Washington D.C. Kaushik K., Arbenser, L., Klein K. 2008, Export Growth, Export Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in India: a Time Series Analysis, The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 155+, via ProQuest LLC. Morrison, J. Woog, A. 2008, Syria, 2nd Edition, InfoBase Publishing, New York. Perthes, V. 2004, Economic Challenges and Policy Responses. Web. Ross, D. and Harmsen, R. 2001, Official Financing for Developing Countries, International Monetary Fund Press, Washington, DC. Simmmers, A., et al. 2008, Diversified Health Occupations, 7th Edition, Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Sukkar, N. 2006, Pitfalls Along Reform Road, Oxford Business Group, Lebanon. Syria Agriculture 2012, Information about Agriculture in Syria. Web. Taheri, A, 2002, An Alternative Syrian Voice: Meet Nabil Sukkar, National Review Online Journ al, Vol 3, No. 2, Syrian Embassy. The World Bank 2012, How we Classify Countries. Trading Economics 2012, Age Dependency Ratio: Syria. Web. United Nations Development Program 2006, Human Development Report. Web. This report on Report on International Development – Syria was written and submitted by user Hugo Mccarthy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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